We can regulate our immune system through food and natural herbal medicine.
We treat autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Hashimoto's disease with herbal medicine.
We can help reduce antibody and CRP levels, allowing patients to use less prednisone.
What we Commonly use in our clinic and its mechanism research on the immune system below:
《Chinese Pharmacology, Second Edition book by Gao Xuemin, People's Medical Publishing House.》
Chai hu Bupleurum chinese DC.
Antipyretic Effect: Oral administration of Chaihu decoction can alleviate the elevated body temperature induced by 2,4-dinitrophenol in rats. Its effect is similar to or slightly lower than aspirin's, indicating a good antipyretic effect［1］. The combination of Chaihu and Huangqin also shows a significant antipyretic effect in experimental feverish rat models［2］.
Analgesic Effect: Chaihu can reduce the number of writhing responses in mice induced by intraperitoneal acetic acid injection, and its analgesic effect is enhanced after acetic acid-induced writhing. The combination of Vinegar-Processed Chaihu and Baishao, in a 1:2 ratio exhibits significant analgesic effects in experimental animals［3］.
.Effects on the Immune System: In mice, intraperitoneal injection of Chaihu polysaccharide significantly increased the splenic index, the percentage of peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, phagocytic index, and antibody titers against influenza virus in the blood serum. However, it did not affect the splenic cell secretion of hemolysin. Chaihu polysaccharide did not affect delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in normal mice but could fully or partially restore the inhibition of DTH response by cyclophosphamide or influenza virus in mice. Chaihu polysaccharide also significantly increased the transformation rate of splenic lymphocytes activated by ConA and the activity of natural killer cells. Experimental results suggest that Chaihu polysaccharide can enhance both humoral and cellular immune functions in mice and partially restore the immunosuppressive state［9］.
［1］曹站霞.黑柴胡与北柴胡解热、抗炎作用的比较［J］.中医研究，2009，22(10): 15-17.
［2］高琳，白晶，刘迪谦.柴胡-黄芩水煎液中不同化学成分群配伍与其解热作用相关性研究［J］.北京中医药大学学报，2006，29(11): 760-764.
［3］聂淑琴，杨庆，李兰芳，等.柴胡与赤芍、醋柴胡与白芍配伍前后药效学比较研究［J］.中国实验方剂学杂志，2002，8(3): 11-14
［9］张兴权，陈鸿珊.柴胡多糖的免疫药理作用［J］.中国药理学与毒理学杂志，1989，3(1): 30-33
Gui zhi Cinnamon Twig
Antipyretic, Analgesic, and Sweating Effects: Cinnamon Twig (Guizhi) can stimulate sweat glands, promoting sweating and exerting an antipyretic effect［1］. Cinnamaldehyde significantly reduces fever responses induced by yeast in rats, decreases the hypothalamic PGE2 content in feverish rats, and also notably inhibits the release of PGE2 in bEnd.3 cells stimulated by IL-1β. Its antipyretic mechanism may be related to its impact on PGE2 levels［2］. Cinnamaldehyde possesses analgesic properties, increasing the thermal pain threshold in mice and inhibiting writhing responses induced by acetic acid［3］.
Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Cinnamaldehyde can significantly inhibit the growth of key periodontal pathogens, with an MIC of 32 μg/ml against standard strains P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and F. nucleatum ATCC 10593, as well as MIC values ranging from 32 to 256 μg/ml against 77 clinical isolates from the oral cavity［4,5］. Cinnamaldehyde also effectively suppresses the increased capillary permeability in the peritoneum of mice and reduces ear swelling induced by xylene［2］.
Improvement of Blood Circulation: Cinnamaldehyde stimulates nerves, dilating skin blood vessels, thereby improving peripheral circulation. In vitro, it can significantly inhibit platelet aggregation in rat plasma induced by collagen and thrombin. In vivo, it significantly prolongs tail-bleeding and coagulation times in mice, reducing the quality of thrombi on the side of the arteriovenous shunt threads in rats［6］.
［1］沈映君，王一涛，陈蓉，等.麻黄桂枝协同发汗作用的实验研究［J］.成都中医学院学报，1986(1):31-33.
［2］马悦颖，李沧海，郭建友.桂皮醛解热作用及机制的实验研究［J］.中国实验方剂学杂志，2007，13(4): 22-25.
［3］马悦颖，李沧海，李兰芳.桂皮醛解热镇痛抗炎作用的实验研究［J］.中国临床药理学与治疗学，2006，11(12): 1336-1339
［4］赵美林，黄萍，杨霞.中药桂皮醛体外抑菌和抗炎活性的研究［J］.广东牙病防治，2008，16(10):441-443.
［5］杨霞，黄萍，肖晓蓉.中药桂皮醛对牙周致病菌的体外抑菌活性研究［J］.重庆医学，2009，38(1):75-76.
［6］黄敬群，罗晓星，王四旺.桂皮醛对抗血小板聚集和血栓形成的特点［J］.中国临床康复，10(31):34-36.
Shi gao Gypsum
Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Gypsum (生石膏) has demonstrated analgesic effects in mice subjected to acetic acid-induced and heat-induced pain. Calcined gypsum (煅石膏) only showed analgesic effects in mice with acetic acid-induced pain, while CaSO4·2H2O did not affect both pain induction methods. This indicates that gypsum possesses analgesic properties, but its primary component, CaSO4·2H2O, is not the substance responsible for the analgesic effects. Gypsum injection can reduce the permeability of capillaries in mice. It also exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on edema caused by carrageenan in rats and granuloma formation induced by cotton pellet implantation. Moreover, gypsum injection shows inhibitory effects in mice pain models (writhing test and hot plate test), suggesting that gypsum injection has a notable anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.[8, 9]
Effects on the Immune System: Gypsum (石膏) has been found to enhance the functions of T lymphocytes and macrophages within the bodies of burn-induced rat models, resulting in an improved healing rate of burn wounds in these rats. It is suggested that traditional Chinese medicine gypsum may exert these effects through its primary component, calcium, or other trace elements. On one hand, it may induce antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects, and on the other hand, it could potentially act as a signaling molecule within certain cells. This action may directly or indirectly counteract the release and activity of serum inhibitory factors that occur after burn injuries, ultimately boosting the immune function of cells. Additionally, research has indicated that gypsum can significantly reduce the levels of cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and PGE2 (prostaglandin E2) in the plasma of burn-injured rats. Gypsum also lowers the cAMP content in spleen tissues and macrophages, leading to changes in the cAMP/cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate) ratio in plasma, spleen tissues, and macrophages. It is suggested that cAMP, cGMP, and PGE2 may play a role in immune regulation during burn injuries, and gypsum may enhance immune function by inhibiting the synthesis of cAMP and PGE2 through the action of calcium and increased cGMP.[11, 12]
［8］夏怡，李祥，陈建伟，等.石膏镇痛作用的实验研究［J］.中国医药导报，2009，6(9): 23-24.
［9］江涛，陈一乐，黄凤和，等.石膏注射液抗炎镇痛作用研究［J］.广东药学院学报，1992(2): 26
［11］胡景新，孟凡会，苏畅，等.中药石膏对烧伤大鼠创面修复的影响及T淋巴细胞、腹腔巨噬细胞功能变化的观察［J］.中国病理生理杂志，1991，7(3): 260-263.
［12］胡景新，孟凡会，吴决，等.中药石膏对烧伤鼠血浆、脾组织、腹腔巨噬细胞中环核苷酸以及血浆PGE2含量的影响［J］.中国病理生理杂志，1991，7(1): 12-15
Da huang Rheum palmatum L.
Effects on the Immune Function: Derivatives of Rheum palmatum anthraquinones, such as Rhein, Aloe-emodin, and Emodin, when administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 70 mg/kg for 7 days, exhibit varying degrees of immunosuppressive effects on the immune system of normal mice. This includes a reduction in the weight of immune organs, decreased antibody production, inhibition of phagocytic function in reticuloendothelial cells, diminished phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages, decreased white blood cell counts, and suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) [21].
Impact on the Kidneys: By inducing an increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels through feeding adenine-containing diets, administration of Rheum palmatum extract significantly reduces BUN and creatinine levels in the blood, as well as the amino acid content in portal vein blood. Urea levels in the liver and kidneys also decrease by 12%-37% and 19%-24%, respectively, parallel to the decrease in serum BUN levels. There is a significant increase in urea nitrogen excretion in the urine, along with a mild increase in creatinine excretion. Moreover, there is a notable increase in free amino acids in the blood. The presence of Rheum palmatum tannins possibly mediates these effects. The mechanism of action is multifaceted, involving reduced intestinal absorption of amino nitrogen (the precursor for urea synthesis) due to its laxative effect, increased protein synthesis from amino acids in the blood leading to decreased urea synthesis in the liver and kidneys, and the inhibition of proteolysis, particularly of myoproteins, promoting the excretion of urea and creatinine [29]. Recent research has explored the mechanisms of Rheum palmatum's renal disease prevention and treatment at the cellular level. Emodin inhibits the proliferation of renal tubular cells and mesangial cells, while Rhein can inhibit the high metabolic state in the kidneys of diabetic rats, significantly reducing proteinuria. Additionally, it can inhibit the proliferation of mesangial cells and the synthesis of extracellular matrix under high glucose culture conditions, reversing the upregulation of proximal renal tubular epithelial cell hypertrophy induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and the increased expression of mesangial cell glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) induced by TGF-β1, as well as the increased glucose uptake by mesangial cells [30-32].
Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Rheum palmatum exhibits significant inhibitory effects on various experimental inflammatory conditions in animals. Oral administration of Rheum palmatum decoction in mice significantly inhibits acute exudative inflammation induced by croton oil on the mouse ear. It also has inhibitory effects on formaldehyde-induced, egg white-induced paw swelling in rats, as well as cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in mice and rats. The anti-inflammatory action of Rheum palmatum is possibly due to the blockade of the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway's cyclooxygenase route, leading to increased production of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and activation of the lipoxygenase pathway, thus achieving its anti-inflammatory effects. Experimental studies suggest that the anti-inflammatory action of Rheum palmatum is not mediated through the pituitary-adrenal system, as adrenal gland removal does not affect its anti-inflammatory effects [1]. In recent years, there has been in-depth research into the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Rheum palmatum. Rhein significantly inhibits the biosynthesis of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) in peritoneal macrophages of mice, with IC50 values of 0.44 μmol/L and 2.78 μmol/L, respectively. Rhein also significantly inhibits the increase in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) induced by endotoxin in macrophages and promotes an increase in intracellular cAMP levels. Rhein's significant impact on macrophage lipid inflammatory mediator activation may be one of its mechanisms of action [33]. Emodin has a dual regulatory effect on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]) secretion by macrophages under different conditions. When peritoneal macrophages are stimulated with a large amount of lipopolysaccharide, leading to excessive production of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, along with the overproduction of these cytokines, further activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, endothelial cells, and other effector cells occurs, resulting in the release of reactive oxygen species, proteases, and other factors, accelerating arachidonic acid metabolism, releasing inflammatory mediators such as thromboxane, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and nitric oxide, and leading to an excessive inflammatory response. Emodin significantly inhibits these processes, reducing the secretion of the above cytokines to or near normal levels. Under normal conditions, appropriate doses of emodin still have a certain promoting effect on TNF-α secretion, which is conducive to maintaining the body's immune homeostasis and promoting the biological activity of TNF-α against infections. Therefore, emodin has a dual regulatory role: it suppresses and treats excessive inflammatory responses and, at the same time, promotes the normal immune defense function of the body, exerting a bidirectional regulatory effect [34].
［1］邱颂平.大黄的药学与临床研究［M］.北京:中国中医药出版社，2007: 201-215
［21］路铭，陈琼华.大黄的生化学研究ⅩⅩⅩ.蒽醌衍生物对免疫功能的抑制作用［J］.中国药科大学学报，1989，20(4): 223
［29］肖炜.大黄治疗慢性肾功能衰竭的临床与实验研究概述［J］.中国中药杂志，2002，27(4): 241-244.
［30］顾刘宝，万毅刚，万铭.大黄治疗糖尿病肾病的分子细胞机制研究进展［J］.中国中药杂志，2003，28(8): 703-706.
［31］郭啸华，刘志红，戴春笋，等.大黄抑制TGF-β1诱导的肾小管上皮细胞肥大及细胞外基质产生［J］.肾脏病与透析肾移植杂志，2001，10(2): 101.
［32］朱加明，刘志红.大黄酸对葡萄糖转运蛋白1基因转染系膜细胞功能的影响［J］.中华内科杂志，2001，40(8): 537.
［33］倪弘，薛小平，杨秀竹，等.大黄酸抑制小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞炎性介质活化的作用机理［J］.天津中医，2001，18(1): 35-36.
［34］张俊，翁福海.大黄素对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞产生的TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6及细胞［Ca2+］的影响［J］.中草药，2001，32(8): 718.
Qing hao Artemisia annua L.
Antipyretic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Artemisinin injection has a significant antipyretic effect in rabbits with fever induced by the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), Pertussis, and Diphtheria (PBD) trivalent vaccine [3]. Artemisinin derivatives also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. Artemether is effective in treating synovial membrane inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, and its mechanism is associated with inducing apoptosis in synovial membrane cells [19]. It can also reduce the levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in adjuvant-induced arthritis, with a positive correlation to drug concentration [20,21]. Furthermore, artemisinin, artemether, and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) exhibit significant inhibitory effects on various inflammatory factors, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan, stimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpGODN), and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 induced by heat-inactivated Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus [22-24]. Administration of DHA orally reduces the expression of TNF-α in the serum and lung tissues of rats with radiation-induced lung injury after a single whole lung irradiation dose of 15 Gy [25].
Effects on the Immune System: Artemether significantly reduces serum IgG levels in normal mice and increases spleen weight [26]. Intravenous injection of artemisinin at doses of 50-100 mg/kg significantly enhances the phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of peritoneal macrophages in mice [3]. Artemisinin can enhance the transformation rate of lymphocytes, promote the body's immune response, and exhibit certain antiviral effects [27].
Effects on Lupus Nephritis: Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) at doses of 125 and 25 mg/kg can significantly reduce the levels of anti-double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) antibodies in the serum of BXSB mice and improve the activity of lupus nephritis [29]. DHA can also inhibit the secretion of TNF-α in the serum of BXSB lupus model mice and significantly improve the pathological condition of nephritis [30]. Artemether at a dose of 50 mg/(kg·d) administered orally for 16 weeks in a lupus model mouse can significantly reduce proteinuria and blood creatinine levels [31].
［3］阴健，郭力弓.中药现代研究与临床应用(1)［M］.北京:学苑出版社，1995: 403-405 ［19］侯晓强，潘蕾，崔向军，等.青蒿琥酯对胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠滑膜细胞凋亡的影响［J］.辽宁中医药大学学报，2011，13(4): 72-74.
［20］莫汉有，王丽芳，周润华，等.青蒿琥酯对佐剂性关节炎大鼠血白介素-17及血管内皮细胞生长因子的影响［J］.时珍国医国药，2011，22(2): 415-416.
［21］莫汉有，王丽芳，周润华，等.青蒿琥酯对佐剂性关节炎大鼠血IL-17、MMP-3及MMP-9的影响［J］.重庆医学，2011，40(7): 628-630.
［22］王俊，周红.青蒿素对CpG DNA攻击小鼠保护作用的实验研究［J］.中国临床药理学与治疗学，2005，10(3): 290-293.
［23］李斌，张蓉，王俊，等.双氢青蒿素对CpG ODN诱导小鼠RAW264.7细胞释放细胞因子的影响［J］.四川生理科学杂志，2005，27(4): 149-152.
［24］Li B，Li J，Pan X，et al.Artesunate protects sepsis model mice challenged with Staphylococcus aureus by decreasing TNF-alpha release via inhibition TLR2 and Nod2 mRNA expressions and transcription factor NF-kappaB activation［J］.Int Immunopharmacol，2010，10(3): 344-350.
［25］戴夕超，杜秀平，张西志，等.双氢青蒿素对早期放射性肺损伤大鼠TNF-α表达的影响［J］.中华肿瘤防治杂志，2010，17(10): 728-731
［26］林培英，潘竞锵，冯昭明，等.蒿甲醚对小鼠血清IgG及脾重的影响［J］.药学学报，1985，20(3):211-213.
［27］薛明，田丽娟.青蒿多糖的免疫活性研究［J］.中成药，2008，30(8): 1211-1213.
［29］董妍君，李卫东，屠呦呦，等.双氢青蒿素对BXSB狼疮小鼠自身抗体产生、TNFα分泌及狼疮性肾炎病理改变的影响［J］.中国中西医结合杂志，2003，23(9): 676-679.
［30］Li WD，Dong YJ，Tu YY，et al.Dihydroarteannuin ameliorates lupus symptom of BXSB mice by inhibiting production of TNF-alpha and blocking the signaling pathway NF-kappa B translocation［J］.Int Immunopharmacol，2006，6(8): 1243-1250.
［31］王红，姜波，张华勇，等.青蒿琥酯通过抑制ICAM-1治疗鼠狼疮性肾炎的研究［J］.实用临床医药杂志，2010，14(17): 1-3.
Bai Shao Paeonia lactiftora Pall.
Effects on Macrophage Function: Total glycosides of Paeonia lactiflora (TGP) exhibit a regulatory effect on the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages, with low concentrations enhancing and high concentrations reducing chemiluminescence intensity in macrophages. Experiments involving the thymus enlargement method in mice indicate that TGP has a dual role in regulating the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) by rat peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with low concentrations promoting and high concentrations inhibiting its production [1]. TGP's immunomodulatory and anti-arthritis mechanisms may, in part, involve the regulation of IL-1 production. Using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, it was observed that TGP dose-dependently inhibits the production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) by rat peritoneal macrophages, with an inhibitory effect equivalent to that of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug flufenamic acid at a concentration of 100 mg/L, with a 50% inhibition rate at 0.66 mg/L [2]. TGP's immunomodulatory effects may also be related to its influence on the production of leukotriene B4. TGP exhibits bidirectional regulation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by rat peritoneal macrophages activated by suboptimal concentrations of A23187, with low concentrations promoting and high concentrations inhibiting PGE2 production. The inhibitory effect of TGP is concentration-dependent, with an IC50 of 16.7 mg/L. High concentrations of TGP are believed to negatively regulate PGE2 production, possibly through the inhibition of intracellular calcium [3]. The dose-response curves for TGP's effects on the proliferation of mouse B lymphocytes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) by rat peritoneal macrophages (PMφ) induced by LPS both exhibit bell-shaped curves, suggesting that TGP has bidirectional regulatory effects, promoting at low concentrations and inhibiting at high concentrations. High concentrations of TGP's negative regulatory effects are related to PMφ. TGP stimulates LPS-induced IL-1 and PGE2 production in PMφ at low concentrations, increasing their levels in parallel. However, high concentrations of TGP further enhance PGE2 production while simultaneously decreasing IL-1 levels. These observations suggest that the negative regulation of PMφ IL-1 and the inhibition of B cell proliferation induced by high-concentration TGP are mediated through the autocrine and paracrine effects of PMφ, and they provide a basis for the concentration-dependent bidirectional immunomodulatory effects of TGP at the cellular and molecular levels [4].
Effects on Cellular Immunity: TGP exhibits bidirectional effects on the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes induced by concanavalin A (ConA), with low concentrations promoting and high concentrations inhibiting proliferation. TGP can improve T lymphocyte immune function by upregulating the total T cell count (CD3) and helper T cell (CD4) proportion while downregulating cytotoxic T cells and improving the CD4/CD8 ratio. On one hand, TGP can inhibit the abnormal proliferation of T lymphocytes by inhibiting transferrin receptor (CIYT1) expression on T lymphocytes, reducing the proliferation of MOG35-55-specific lymphocytes, and inhibiting EAE model lymphocyte responses to MOG35-55, indicating a certain immunosuppressive effect [5]. On the other hand, TGP can exert immunomodulatory effects by increasing the proportion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) [6], and research has shown that paeoniflorin (PF) has an upregulating effect on CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in the EAE model. Although TGP lacks mitogenic effects, it can promote the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and enhance the production of alpha interferon (α-IFN) in human cord blood leukocytes induced by Newcastle disease virus. It exhibits bidirectional regulatory effects on interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in rat spleen cells induced by PHA [7,8]. It has been suggested that TGP's promotion of the release of these active substances is related to its inhibition of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions induced by cyclophosphamide [9]. TGP has a promoting effect on overreactive Ts cells induced by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and sheep red blood cells (SRBCs), as well as on Th cells induced by low-dose SRBCs after irradiation, suggesting that TGP promotes Ts and Th cell responses induced by different conditions, which may be one of its mechanisms for exerting immunomodulatory effects [9]. White peony glycosides (TGP) (Ⅰ) exhibit a bell-shaped dose-response curve in the proliferation response of mouse spleen lymphocytes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Ⅱ). When macrophages (Mφ) are removed from spleen cells using the adherence method or when 10μmol/L indomethacin (Ind) is added, the declining portion of the TGP dose-response curve disappears. Additionally, adding 5% homologous mouse peritoneal macrophages (PMφ) or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) at concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 20μmol/L can restore the declining portion of the dose-response curve. Simultaneously, TGP's impact on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PGE2 and interleukin-1 (IL-1) production by rat peritoneal macrophages (Mφ) was monitored. The results indicate that TGP at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 312.5μg/ml exhibits a bell-shaped dose-response curve in terms of IL-1 production induced by LPS, while the PGE2 production curve in the presence of white peony glycosides and lipopolysaccharide shows a concentration-dependent increase. Within the TGP range of 12.5 to 312.5μg/ml, the addition of 10μmol/L Ind significantly elevates the IL-1 release curve in the presence of high concentrations of white peony glycosides and lipopolysaccharide, suggesting that white peony glycosides are associated with the negative regulation of B cell proliferation and IL-1 induction induced by lipopolysaccharide due to their promotion of macrophage PGE2 release.[10]. After 18 days of complete adjuvant-induced inflammation, the proliferation response of spleen lymphocytes induced by concanavalin A (ConA) in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) was significantly lower than that in normal control rats. Furthermore, the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) by peritoneal macrophages (PMφS) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was significantly higher in AA rats than in normal control rats. White peony glycosides (TGP) at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 312.5mg/L, paeoniflorin (PF), and TGP without paeoniflorin (TGP-PF) all enhanced the proliferation response of spleen lymphocytes in AA rats in a concentration-dependent manner, with dose-response curves showing a bell-shaped pattern. Additionally, they reduced the excessive production of IL-1 by PMφS in AA rats, with dose-response curves showing an inverted bell-shaped pattern. Among these substances, the regulatory effect of TGP at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 62.5mg/L was significantly stronger than that of PF and TGP-PF at equivalent doses. Studies suggest that these three substances all exhibit concentration- and function-dependent bidirectional immunomodulatory effects, with TGP having the strongest effect.[11]. Using a radioimmunoassay, the dynamic effects of TGP on the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in AA rats were observed. It was found that TGP could restore the excessively elevated levels of PGE2 produced by AA rats on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 back to normal levels. Correlation analysis revealed an r-value of -0.55 (P > 0.05) between PGE2 and ConA reaction, indicating that the inhibitory effect of peritoneal macrophages (PMφ) in AA rats on ConA-induced proliferation response involves factors other than PGE2.[12]
Effects on Humoral Immunity: Research by Wang Xingwang et al. [13] found that TGP has bidirectional regulatory effects on mouse spleen lymphocytes' in vitro induction of hemolysin (IgM) antibodies and phytohemagglutinin A-induced proliferation. Another study discovered that TGP significantly promotes the proliferation of suppressive Th2 cells [14], which may be one of the pathways through which TGP inhibits autoimmune responses. In a study by Li Jun et al. [15], TGP was found to exhibit bell-shaped dose-response curves in the production of IL-1 by lymphocytes induced by LPS, while the production of PGE2 by lymphocytes induced by LPS exhibited a concentration-dependent increase. Within the 12.5 to 312.5 μg/ml range of TGP, the cell growth curve showed a downward trend, indicating a reverse regulatory effect of TGP on B cells. TGP exhibits bidirectional regulation, promoting at low concentrations and inhibiting at high concentrations, with the negative regulatory effect at high concentrations related to macrophages (Mφ).
Anti-Inflammatory Effects: White peony extract significantly inhibits rat serum-induced acute inflammatory edema and inhibits granuloma formation in cotton pellets. Total glycosides of white peony (TGP) have a clear preventive and therapeutic effect on adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) in rats. They also cause rat peritoneal macrophages (PMφ) to produce excessive H2O2 and decrease interleukin-1 (IL-1) levels. TGP can restore the diminished thymocyte proliferative response and the ability of spleen lymphocytes to produce IL-2 caused by adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, indicating its immunomodulatory effects [16]. High-dose TGP administration for 8 weeks significantly therapeutically affects rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. It not only improves clinical symptoms and signs, as well as reduces erythrocyte sedimentation rate and rheumatoid factor titer but also has a function-dependent restorative effect on abnormal immune functions in RA patients, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells' production of IL-1 and the number of regulatory T cells [17]. Some suggest that one of the mechanisms of TGP's regulatory effects on inflammation and immune responses may be mediated by the pineal gland [18]. White peony glycoside powder injections administered intravenously at doses of 50-150 mg/(kg·d) significantly inhibit paw swelling induced by carrageenan in rats and the formation of granulomas in cotton pellets, and they have a significant preventive and therapeutic effect on adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) [19].
［1］梁君山，魏伟，周爱武，等.白细胞介素Ⅰ的检测及白芍总甙对其产生的影响［J］.中国药理学通报，1989，5(6): 354-357.
［2］李俊，赵维中.白芍总甙对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞产生白三烯B4的影响［J］.中国药理学通报，1992，8(1): 36-39.
［3］李俊，陈敏珠.白芍总甙大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞产生前列腺素E2的作用及部分机制研究［J］.中国药理学通报，1994，10(4): 267-270.
［4］阮金兰，赵钟祥，曾庆忠，等.赤芍化学成分和药理作用的研究进展［J］.中国药理学通报，2003，19(9): 965-970.
［5］陈光星，全世明，等.通痹灵总碱对大鼠机体细胞免疫的调节作用［J］.广州中医药大学学报，2003，20(1): 1-3.
［6］王璞，张雯，周红娟，等.芍药甘草汤对MRL/Lpr小鼠CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T细胞的影响［J］.浙江中医杂志，2009(10): 723-726.
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［8］魏伟，梁君山，周爱武，等.白芍总甙对白细胞介素-2产生的影响［J］.中国药理学通报，1989，5(3): 176.
［9］郭浩，魏伟.白芍总甙对T细胞调节功能的影响［J］.中国药理学与毒理学杂志，1993，7(3):193-196.
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［11］葛志东，周爱武.白芍总甙、芍药甙和白芍总甙去除芍药甙对佐剂性关节炎大鼠的免疫调节作用［J］.中国药理学通报，1995，11(4): 303-305.
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［13］王兴旺，陈敏珠.白芍总甙对T淋巴细胞亚群的作用［J］.中国药理学通报，1992，8(5): 340-344.
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［15］李俊，梁君山.白芍总甙对B淋巴细胞增殖和白介素1生成的调节作用［J］.中国药理学与毒理学杂志，1994，8(1): 53-55.
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［17］王志坚，陈敏珠.白芍总甙治疗类风湿性关节炎的临床药理研究［J］.中国药理学通报，1994，10(2): 117-122.
［18］徐叔云，沈玉先.白芍总甙和丹皮总甙对松果腺调节炎症免疫反应的影响［J］.中国药理学与毒理学杂志，1994，8(3): 161-165.
［19］高崇凯，潘华新，等.白芍总甙粉针剂的抗炎、镇痛作用［J］.中药新药与临床药理，2002，13(3):163-165.
Ze xie Alisma orientalis(Sam.)Juzep.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects: A decoction of Alisma orientale, when injected into the abdominal cavity of mice at doses of 10g/kg and 20g/kg for five consecutive days, was found to inhibit the clearance rate of carbon particles and contact dermatitis induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. However, it did not significantly impact serum antibody levels or the content of ascorbic acid in the adrenal glands of rats. When administered by abdominal injection at a dose of 20g/kg, Alisma orientale decoction significantly reduced ear swelling in mice induced by xylene and inhibited granulation tissue proliferation in rats induced by cotton ball implantation, indicating that Alisma orientale has anti-inflammatory properties[3].
Immunomodulatory Effects: A water decoction of Alisma orientale can inhibit the clearance rate of carbon particles by the reticuloendothelial system in mice and reduce the cellular immune function of mice. Its inhibitory effect on delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions is antigen-specific, but it does not significantly affect the organ weight of the immune system in mice[4].
［3］彭贤，黄舒，郦皆秀，等.泽泻属植物化学成分与药理活性［J］.国外医药:植物药分册，2000，15(6): 245.
［4］尹春萍，吴继洲.泽泻及其活性成分免疫调节作用研究进展［J］.中草药，2001，32(12): 1132.
Dang gui Angelica sinensis(Oliv.)Diels
Effects on the Immune System: When administered via gastric gavage, Angelica sinensis decoction significantly increases the number of rose spots in mice, enlarges the spleen, and increases its weight, indicating an increase in the total number of spleen cells. Angelica sinensis can also significantly enhance the phagocytic function of macrophages in animals, improve the clearance rate of dyes by the mononuclear-phagocyte system, and promote DNA and protein synthesis in mouse splenic lymphocytes induced by ConA. It also has a significant enhancing effect on the production of IL-2. In the immune response induced by Angelica sinensis polysaccharides, it produces not only specific IgG antibodies but also to some extent, non-specific IgG antibodies and cross-reacting antibodies. Traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides may act as a pan-specific and broad-spectrum immune modulator[35, 36]. Angelica sinensis polysaccharides are the main components responsible for its immune-promoting function, especially in promoting cellular immunity. A 5% Angelica sinensis polysaccharide dosage of 250 mg/kg administered once daily for seven days significantly increased the rate of E-rosette formation and the positive rate of acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase staining in mice, indicating a significant improvement in cellular immune function[37]. n vitro, culture of rabbit spleen cells, bone marrow cells, and mesenteric lymphocytes showed that Angelica sinensis polysaccharides had good interferon-inducing activity, with AR-4ⅡC being the only active component, and its activity was dose-dependent[38]. Angelica sinensis polysaccharides have a significant effect on the immune organs of the body. Subcutaneous injection of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides in normal mice significantly increases spleen weight and length. Tissue section observations show unclear splenic follicle structure, increased immature cells, active nuclear division, and other changes. Angelica sinensis polysaccharides also reduce thymus weight, thinning of the cortex, and atrophy[39]. The activity of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides is related to the route and dose of administration. A dosage that is too small may not stimulate the immune system, while a dosage that is too large may cause immune paralysis. There are significant differences in the pharmacological activity of polysaccharides extracted using different methods[40]. Angelica sinensis polysaccharides have a strong activation effect on lymphocytes. When Angelica sinensis immune-active polysaccharides (AIP) were used in vitro culture of mouse and human spleen cells, the 3H-thymidine nucleoside incorporation method proved that AIP promoted mitosis activity in mouse and human spleen cells, suggesting that AIP is a potential mitogen for mouse B lymphocytes[41]. Furthermore, AIP components can directly activate T lymphocytes involved in antibody reactions without inducing the proliferation of normal thymic cells and hydrocortisone thymic cells[41]. Angelica sinensis polysaccharides significantly affect peripheral blood T and B lymphocyte counts in normal mice, tumor-bearing mice, and X-ray irradiated tumor-bearing mice[42, 43]. Angelica injection can increase the number of monocytes in human peripheral blood that migrate chemotactically and significantly promote their chemotactic distance. It can also significantly eliminate the inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on monocyte chemotaxis, providing experimental evidence for the combined use of hydrocortisone and Angelica[44]. Angelica sinensis polysaccharides have a significant stimulating effect on the proliferation of mouse splenic lymphocytes when administered alone. The maximum proliferation stimulation index is 17.50. They also have a synergistic effect with ConA and LPS on the proliferation of mouse splenic lymphocytes. However, Angelica sinensis polysaccharides administered alone do not promote the proliferation of mouse thymocytes but have a significant stimulating effect on thymocytes activated by suboptimal doses of ConA. Moreover, in vitro, Angelica sinensis polysaccharides can counteract the inhibitory effect of hydrocortisone on the proliferation of mouse thymocytes[45].
［35］孙文平，李发胜，侯殿东，等.当归、白术、制白附子多糖对小鼠免疫调节作用的影响［J］.中国中医药信息杂志，2008，15(7): 37-38.
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［41］Kumazawa Y，Mizunoe K，Otsuka Y.Immunostimulating polysaccharide separated from hot water extract of Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa(Yamato tohki)［J］.Immunology，1982，47(1): 75-83.
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［44］张成武，吕小迅.当归注射液对人单核细胞趋化移动的作用［J］.广东医药学院学报，1994，10(4): 240.
［45］赵离原，周勇.当归多糖体外免疫调节作用的实验研究［J］.上海免疫学杂志，1995，15(2): 97-99.
Sheng di huang Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch
Effect on the Endocrine System: Rehmannia can counteract the decrease in plasma cortisol levels caused by continuous administration of dexamethasone and prevent adrenal cortical atrophy[13]. When Rehmannia and dexamethasone are used together for 2, 4, or 6 weeks, the cortisol levels in rabbits gradually increase, and pathological observations also show that the combined use of the two drugs does not cause significant changes in the morphology of the pituitary and adrenal cortex in rabbits, suggesting that Rehmannia can alleviate the effects of glucocorticoids on the pituitary-adrenal cortex system's function and morphology[14]. Oral administration of Rehmannia decoction can significantly reduce the vitamin C content in rats' adrenal glands [1, 15]. This indicates that Rehmannia has an inhibitory effect against the suppression of the pituitary-adrenal cortex system by dexamethasone and can promote the synthesis of adrenal cortical hormones[13]. Clinical observations have found that the combination of Rehmannia and glucocorticoids can reduce the side effects of hormone-induced "Yin deficiency and Yang excess"[1].
Effect on the Immune System and Anti-Inflammatory Action: Extracts of dried Rehmannia can significantly increase the number of peripheral blood T lymphocytes in mice, while alcohol extracts of dried Rehmannia can significantly promote the generation of anti-SRPC antibodies and hemolysins and reduce peripheral blood T lymphocytes[16]. The active ingredient of Rehmannia, Rehmannia polysaccharide, is the main active component in Rehmannia that enhances immune function, primarily by affecting T lymphocyte function. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of 10-40 mg/kg for 8 days can significantly enhance T lymphocyte proliferation ability, while intraperitoneal injection of 20 ng/g for 8 days can significantly promote the secretion of IL-2 by splenic T lymphocytes in mice[17, 18]. Rehmannia oligosaccharides can significantly enhance the hemolytic plaque assay (PFC) response in normal mice, increase the number of PFC and enhance the lymphocyte proliferation response in mice and tumor-bearing mice inhibited by cyclophosphamide, suggesting that Rehmannia oligosaccharides can significantly enhance the humoral and cellular immune functions in immunosuppressed mice[19]. Another study has shown that fresh Rehmannia can significantly inhibit the high-level expression of IFN-γ-induced Ia antigen by macrophages in a cortisone-induced "Yin deficiency" model in mice, indicating that Rehmannia has some immunosuppressive effects, and inhibiting the surface Ia antigen expression level of macrophages and reducing their antigenic ability may be one of the mechanisms of action of Rehmannia[20]. Rehmannia decoction has a significant antagonistic effect on formaldehyde-induced arthritis and ovalbumin-induced arthritis in rats and can inhibit granuloma formation caused by subcutaneous injection of turpentine oil and increased capillary permeability caused by histamine[1].
［1］阴健，郭力弓.中药现代研究与临床应用(1)［M］.北京:学苑出版社，1995: 274-278
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［15］陈锐群，查良伦，顾天爵.祖国医学“肾”的研究中有关滋阴泻火药作用的探讨——Ⅱ.生地、知母、甘草对地塞米松反馈抑制作用的影响(动物实验)［J］.上海第一医学院学报，1979，6(6): 393-397.
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［17］陈力真，冯杏婉，顾国民，等.地黄免疫抑瘤活性成分的分离提取与药理作用［J］.中国中药杂志，1993，18(8): 502.
［18］陈力真，冯杏婉，周金黄，等.地黄多糖b的免疫抑瘤作用及其机理［J］.中国药理学与毒理学杂志，1993，7(2): 153-156.
［19］汤建芳，茹祥斌，顾国明，等.地黄低聚糖对小鼠免疫和造血功能的作用［J］.中药药理与临床，1997，13(5): 19-21.
［20］马健，樊巧玲，木村正康.生地黄对“阴虚”模型小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞Ⅰa抗原表达的影响［J］.中药药理与临床，1998，14(2): 22-24.
Dan shen Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.
Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects: When administered orally, Danshensu (Salvianic acid A) exhibits significant inhibitory effects on histamine-induced increased capillary permeability in mice. It also demonstrates substantial inhibitory effects on acute joint swelling in rats induced by egg white, peritoneal inflammation caused by formaldehyde exudation, white blood cell migration in mice induced by gelatin, and subacute formaldehyde-induced joint swelling in rats. Furthermore, it can reduce the levels of PGF2α and PGE in the blood [90]. Both in vivo and in vitro methods have confirmed that Danshensu markedly inhibits leukocyte chemotaxis [90, 91]. Danshen injection also exhibits a significant inhibitory effect on inflammation in the rat metatarsal region caused by carrageenan. Its inhibitory effect on polymorphonuclear cell release of β-glucuronidase is also notable. After intramuscular injection of Danshen injection, the chemotaxis of neutrophils is significantly reduced [92]. In mice, intramuscular injection of Danshen decoction for five consecutive days increases the number of macrophages that engulf chicken red blood cells [93]. Danshen has an inhibitory effect on an in vitro model of hemolysis of sheep red blood cells, and this effect is dose-dependent. Danshen injection can reduce the phagocytic percentage and index of macrophages in the peritoneal cavity of mice. It also reduces the transformation rate of lymphocytes and inhibits delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in normal mice. However, it does not significantly impact mice's serum lysozyme, neutrophil phagocytosis, or antibody-forming cells [94]. Compound Danshen preparations notably inhibit salt agglutination antibodies against human ABO blood group antigens and papain-induced hemagglutination antibodies in mice. In addition to improving humoral immune function, Danshen can regulate protein metabolism and immunity. Based on these findings, Danshen preparations have been applied in organ transplantation with some degree of success.
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［91］高骥援，王淑芬，张克坚，等.丹参酮对人白细胞趋化性影响的观察［J］.中西医结合杂志，1985，5(11): 684.
［92］严仪昭，陈祥银，曾卫东，等.丹参注射液抗炎症作用的实验研究［J］.中国医学科学院学报，1986，8(6): 417.
［93］王凤莲.丹参注射液对小白鼠吞噬细胞功能影响研究小结［J］.兰州医学院学报，1979(2): 13.
［94］吕世静，黄槐莲.丹参注射液的免疫药理作用［J］.中国实验临床免疫学杂志，1992，4(2): 41.
Baizhu Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.
Effects on the Immune System: Atractylodes can significantly increase the number of TH cells in immunosuppressed animal models, enhance the TH/TS ratio, correct the disordered T-cell subset distribution, markedly elevate low levels of IL-2, and increase the expression of IL-2 receptors on T lymphocytes' surfaces[5]. Mao Junhao et al.[6] found that a polysaccharide component extracted from Atractylodes, known as Atractylodes polysaccharide (PAM), can independently activate or synergistically promote the transformation of mouse splenic lymphocytes and significantly increase the secretion of IL-2 within a certain concentration range. This regulatory effect is related to the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol.
［5］于丽华，余上才，章育正，等.枸杞子和白术免疫调节作用的实验研究［J］.上海免疫学杂志，1994(1): 12-13.
［6］毛俊浩，吕志良，曾群力，等.白术多糖对小鼠淋巴细胞功能的调节［J］.免疫学杂志，1996，12(4):233-236.
Mugua Chaenomeles speciosa(Sweet)Nakai.
Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects: Chaenomeles extracts, Chaenomeles glycosides (GCS), and Chaenomeles seeds all exhibit good anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Using the writhing and hot plate tests, it has been discovered that Chaenomeles extracts have a good analgesic effect on pain induced by acetic acid and temperature in mice. However, its anti-inflammatory effect on mouse ear swelling induced by xylene is relatively weak [1]. Chaenomeles glycosides at doses of 120mg/kg and 240mg/kg have inhibitory effects on cotton pellet granuloma induced by carrageenan in rats, starting to show effectiveness 5 hours and 3 hours after inflammation induction, respectively. The effective treatment duration extends to 7 hours after inflammation [2]. Chaenomeles glycosides can reduce joint swelling, pain, and the severity of polyarthritis in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) rats [3].
Influence on the Immune System: Crude extracts from Chaenomeles speciosa containing quinic acid and chlorogenic acid can enhance delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in transplantable tumor H22 mice. Natural killer (NK) cell activity is not significantly affected, but superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increases. This indicates that Chaenomeles extracts, at a certain dosage, can enhance humoral immune capacity in tumor-bearing mice [7].
Effects on Hemorheology in Immune Arthritis Rats: Oral administration of 25g/kg of Chaenomeles water extract for eight consecutive days significantly inhibits the spleen index in mice. It also reduces the abnormally elevated whole blood viscosity, red blood cell aggregation, and fibrinogen content. Additionally, it positively affects countering shortened coagulation times in immune arthritis model rats [8].
［1］柳蔚，杨兴海，钱京萍.资木瓜乙醇提取物镇痛抗炎作用的实验研究［J］.四川中医，2004，22(8):7-8.
［2］张玲玲，戴敏，沈玉先，等.几种中成药有效部位抗炎作用的比较［J］.安徽医科大学学报，2002，37(6): 423-425.
［3］戴敏，魏伟，汪倪萍，等.木瓜苷对佐剂性关节炎的治疗作用［J］.中国药理学通报，2003，19(3):340-343.
［7］袁志超，汪芳安，王慧溪，等.皱皮木瓜提取物增强体内免疫活性研究［J］.武汉工业学院学报，2007，26(2): 22-25.
［8］戴敏，魏伟，沈玉先，等.木瓜总苷对免疫性关节炎大鼠血液流变性的影响［J］.中国中医药信息杂志，2002，12(9): 20-21.
Tian hua fen Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.
Dual Immunomodulatory Effects
Immunostimulatory Effects: Trichosanthes hes has been observed to stimulate the formation and differentiation of immune cells in the spleen. It enhances the proliferation of the white pulp component, enlarges the germinal center, widens the periphery, and significantly increases the number of IgM, B lymphocytes, and IgG plasma cells in the mouse spleen. Additionally, there is an expansion in the distribution area of macrophages[5]. After feeding mice with Trichosanthes for seven days, there is a noticeable increase in immunoglobulin IgM, suggesting that Trichosanthes can enhance the body's immune function [6]. Passive skin allergy tests were conducted to observe the influence of TCS on the generation of IgE antibodies in mice. The results indicate that TCS can stimulate the humoral immune system, leading to the production of IgE antibodies against TCS, and this response is enhanced by the addition of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) adjuvant[7]. TCS also exhibits a role in enhancing the immune function of red blood cells. It can elevate the levels of red blood cell C3b receptors and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, thus enhancing the phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in mice[8]. Trichosanthes polysaccharides have a noticeable promoting and activating effect on human peripheral blood monocytes. They can upregulate to varying degrees the content of T lymphocyte subpopulations CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells and induce high-level secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 by human peripheral blood monocytes, thereby boosting the body's immune response[9].
Immunosuppressive Effects: Many researchers have approached the subject from various perspectives regarding the immunosuppressive effects of TCS (Trichosanthes). C57BL/6N mice were injected with different doses of TCS one day before being immunized with allergenic ovalbumin. The impact of TCS on the generation of IgE antibodies was observed by comparing PCA titers. The results suggest that mice pre-treated with TCS exhibited lower production of IgE antibodies than the control group, with a significant inhibitory activity observed even at a dose of 1μg/25g of TCS. Furthermore, this inhibitory effect was more pronounced during the secondary response after boosting immunization. In another experiment, C57BL/6J mice were injected with 100μg/25 mice of TCS into the peritoneal cavity two days before intraperitoneal injection of 4x108 sheep red blood cells. After four days, the formation of plaques in the spleen, known as plaque-forming cells (PFC), was counted using a modified hemolysis plaque assay. Additionally, the titers of agglutinins in the serum of immunized mice were measured on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days after immunization. The results indicate that TCS can significantly inhibit the formation of PFC and reduce the antibody titers of agglutinins in the serum[3]. These findings suggest that TCS has an inhibitory effect on humoral immunity. Moreover, TCS can also suppress cellular immune responses. In vitro cell cultures using spleen cells, lymphocytes, and thymocytes from C57BL/6J mice demonstrated that TCS at 100μg/ml inhibited lymphocyte transformation induced by concanavalin A (Con-A) by 90%. TCS at 50% concentration inhibited lymphocyte transformation induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) by over 90%, and the degree of inhibition was directly related to the dose[10]. TCS was found to inhibit the biosynthesis of proteins, RNA, and DNA in mixed lymphocyte reactions. A 51Cr release assay also showed that TCS can inhibit the primary response of cytotoxic T lymphocytes to allogeneic target cells in vitro. After treating lymphocytes with TCS at 5-10μg/mg for 5 hours, qualitative and quantitative assessments of apoptosis were performed using electrophoresis and flow cytometry, revealing cellular apoptosis, including fragmentation[11].
［3］阴健，郭力弓.中药现代研究与临床应用［M］.北京:学苑出版社，1995: 344-345.
［5］万集今.天花粉和五味子对小鼠脾脏抗体形成细胞的影响［J］.福建中医药，1988，19(5): 79.
［6］万集今，葛振华，王若愚.天花粉和五味子对小鼠唾液腺内凝集素受体和免疫球蛋白作用的研究［J］.福建中医药，1989，20(3): 15.
［7］叶敏，季永墉，沈瑞珍，等.小鼠对天花粉蛋白体内及体外免疫应答的基本特点［J］.实验生物学报，1986(19): 81-89.
［8］郭峰，刘小平，徐瑛.天花粉对小鼠艾氏腹水癌的疗效和对红细胞免疫功能的影响［J］.中西医结合杂志，1989，9(70): 418-420.
［9］徐水凌，赵桂珠，屠婕红，等.天花粉多糖对人外周血单个核细胞的免疫活性作用［J］.中国中医药杂志，2010，35(6): 745-749.
［10］Leung KN，Yeung HW，Leung SO.The immunomodulatory and antitumor activities of Trichosanthin-an abortifacient protein isolated from Tian-hua-fen(Trichosanthes kirilowii)［J］.Asian Pacific J Allergy Immunol，1986(4): 111-120.
［11］李宁丽，郑泽铣，沈伯华，等.天花粉蛋白诱发人体淋巴细胞发生凋亡［J］.中国免疫学杂志，1995，11(7): 539-542.
Wei ling xian Clematis chinensis Osbeck、
Immunosuppressive effects: Clematis has an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of mouse thymus lymphocytes and spleen lymphocytes. The inhibitory activity on COX-1 and COX-2 appears only when the concentration is above 1mg·ml-1, and the inhibitory activity on COX-1 is greater than COX-2. The inhibitory effect is selective[8].
Antioxidant effect: Clematis polysaccharide has the effect of scavenging hydroxyl free radicals and superoxide anion free radicals, reducing the oxidative hemolysis rate of red blood cells induced by H2O2, and can significantly increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione in the serum and liver of mice with liver damage—Peptide peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) content and liver index. Clematis polysaccharide has significant antioxidant effects both in vivo and in vitro. Its antioxidant effects are related to scavenging oxygen free radicals. [9].
［8］龙启才，邱建波.威灵仙、秦艽、桑寄生醇提物体外对淋巴细胞和环氧酶的影响［J］.中药药理与临床，2004，20(8): 55.
［9］陈彦，孙玉军，方伟.威灵仙多糖的抗氧化活性研究［J］.中华中医药杂志，2008，23(3): 23-24.
Bai zhi Angelica dahurica
Analgesic Effect: Angelica dahurica total volatile oil can significantly inhibit the writhing response in mice induced by acetic acid, prolong the latency of paw-licking response in mice on a hot plate, and have a longer-lasting analgesic effect[2]. Angelica dahurica water decoction and freeze-dried powder can effectively prevent continuous spontaneous pain and primary heat/mechanical hyperalgesia induced by peripheral tissue damage, and this effect is dose-dependent[3].
Anti-Inflammatory Effect: The active component of Angelica dahurica, coumarin, has anti-inflammatory effects. It can significantly inhibit ear swelling in mice induced by croton oil, the increased capillary permeability in the abdominal cavity caused by acetic acid, and foot swelling in mice caused by carrageenan[4].
Antioxidant Effect: Hangbaizhi polysaccharide (PAD) can effectively scavenge hydroxyl free radicals and superoxide anion free radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and have antioxidant effects in vitro.[5].
［3］彭小莉，高喜玲，陈军.白芷水煎剂和冻干粉对大鼠外周组织损伤所致的持续性自发痛、热和机械痛敏作用的比较研究［J］.中国中西医结合杂志，2004，24(S1)(基础理论研究特集): 243-247.
［4］王春梅，崔新颖，李贺.白芷香豆素的抗炎作用研究［J］.北华大学学报:自然科学版，2006，7(4):318-320.
［5］王德才，高丽君，高艳霞.杭白芷多糖体外抗氧化活性的研究［J］.时珍国医国药，2009，20(1):173-174.
Yi yi ren Coix lacryma-jobi L.var.ma-yuen(Roman.)Stapf
Effects on the Immune System: When administered orally to mice with cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression, both large and small doses of Coix seed polysaccharide aqueous solution significantly increase the phagocytosis rate and phagocytosis index of peritoneal macrophages and promote hemolysin and hemolysis plaque formation. It also promotes lymphocyte transformation[2].
［2］苗明三.薏苡仁多糖对环磷酰胺致免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响［J］.中医药学报，2002，30(5):49-51.
Zi cao Arnebia euchroma(Royle)Johnst
Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects: Ethyl ether, water, and ethanol extracts of lithospermum have demonstrated certain anti-inflammatory properties [1, 7, 8]. Administration of 200mg/kg of lithospermum alcohol extract via oral gavage significantly inhibits acetic acid-induced peritoneal inflammation in mice. Extracts from different sources and origins of lithospermum have exhibited inhibitory effects on the peritoneal capillary permeability in mice [7]. Subcutaneous injection of 10mg/kg lithospermum resin in mice and rats has shown significant inhibitory effects on croton oil-induced ear inflammation and yeast-induced paw swelling, respectively [9]. Ointments containing lithospermum resin and acetyl lithospermate are effective in locally suppressing increased vascular permeability, edema, and other inflammatory responses while promoting granulation tissue growth and wound healing [1].
［1］阴健，郭力弓.中药现代研究与临床应用(1)［M］.北京:学苑出版社，1995: 635-640.
［7］楼雅卿，张远，陆道培，等.紫草醇提取物对动物实验性炎症过程的影响及毒性实验［J］.北京医学院学报，1979，(2): 83-86.
［8］林志彬，柴宝玲，王珮，等.紫草化学成分抗炎症作用的研究［J］.北京医学院学报，1980，12(2):101-106，148.
Luo shi teng Trachelospermum jasminoides(Lindl.)Lem.
Anti-fatigue effect: A fatigue model was prepared using ICR mice through an exhaustive swimming test. The total triterpene saponins of Trachelospermum jasminoides were administered orally at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg doses for 15 consecutive days. Changes in the mice's body weight, endurance swimming time, whole-blood lactate, plasma urea nitrogen, and malondialdehyde levels were observed. The results showed that the total triterpene saponins of Trachelospermum jasminoides could prolong the endurance swimming time in mice and decrease the levels of whole-blood lactate, plasma malondialdehyde, and blood urea nitrogen after quantitative load swimming [2].
［2］谭兴起，郭良君，孔飞飞，等.络石藤三萜总皂苷抗疲劳作用的实验研究［J］.解放军药学学报，2011，27(2): 128-131.
Di long Pheretima aspergillum(E.Perrier)
Immunoregulatory Effects: Research has shown that earthworm active proteins significantly enhance the body's immune function by promoting the transformation of lymphocytes and enhancing the B-cell response. Simultaneously, it has been observed that they have a notable promoting effect on hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow[28]. Furthermore, studies have found that earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes can significantly boost the immune function of mice with S180 sarcoma and Hesps liver cancer tumors. After treatment with earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes, the experimental group of mice showed significant increases in spleen index, thymus index, phagocytosis index, and half hemolysin levels compared to the control group, indicating a significant enhancement of humoral immunity as well[29,30].
Antioxidant Effects: Antioxidant studies were conducted on earthworm extract QY-I, revealing an inhibitory rate of 79.0% against S180 tumor-bearing mice. This resulted in a significant increase in the activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSH-R), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the tumor-bearing mice compared to the control group (P＜0.05)[31]. Research has also demonstrated that earthworm antioxidant extracts exhibit strong free radical scavenging activity in vitro and significantly inhibit lipid oxidation [32].
［28］郭建，高福云，靳耀英，等.地龙活性蛋白对免疫造血功能的影响及其抗肿瘤作用［J］.中华中医药杂志，2009，24(5): 670-672.
［29］胡云龙，徐梅，张双全，等.蚯蚓提取物对小鼠肿瘤动物模型的研究［J］.生物技术，2002，12(6):9-10.
［30］王庭欣，夏立娅，吴广臣，等.海带多糖对小鼠T淋巴细胞及NK细胞活性的影响［J］.河北大学学报:自然科学版，2008，28(6): 656-658.
［31］林少琴，邹开煌.蚯蚓QY-I对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能及抗氧化酶的影响［J］.海峡医学，2002，14(1):10-12.
［32］周亿金，李文平.蚯蚓抗氧化提取液抗氧化作用研究［J］.动物医学进展，2009，30(6): 58-62.
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